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Actual Analysis: The locusts came with the crises

2020-05-27

Corona exacerbates existing crises through conflict, climate, hunger and locusts in East Africa and the Horn of Africa. To face these challenges, all of these crises need to be captured in their regional context.

Locust plague in the highlands of Madagascar. Photo: dpa Picture-Alliance

Dr. Bettina Rudloff

Dr. Bettina Rudloff works as agricultural engineer and trade economist at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP) in Berlin. SWP is a German think tank conducting practically oriented research and advising the German Bundestag and Federal Government on foreign and security policy issuesPrior to that she was Assistant Professor at the Institute for Food and Resource Economics at Bonn University and lecturer at the European Institute of Public Administration in Maastricht, The Netherlands and consulted European and international officials. She advises different political actors in the EU and Germany on agricultural policy, trade and investment agreements and their interlinkages with food security and development. She is member of the strategical advisory board of the special initiative “”One World, no Hunger” of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development.

Dr. Annette Weber

Dr. Annette Weber is Senior Fellow in the Middle East and Africa Research Division of the German Institute for International and Security Studies (SWP) in Berlin. Her regional expertise is in the Horn of Africa, she works on conflict analysis, fragile states, non-state-actors and state building as well as Jihadist groups in Africa. Her current focus is mainly on the situation in Sudan, South Sudan and Somalia. She is involved in the mediation effort of the national Dialogue between government and armed and unarmed opposition in Sudan. As a senior advisor for the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue she is advising on conflict resolutions throughout the Horn of Africa.

Dr. Weber had a two year residency in Ethiopia 2010-2012 with in depth research in the Horn of Africa. From 2012 she was head of department at SWP. She writes extensively and advises the Bundestag and the German administration on these issues. Previously she worked as a coordinator for the Ecumenical Network on Central Africa mainly on the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. Annette Weber was researcher with amnesty international in London for Sudan and worked as a consultant for Human Rights Watch and amnesty international on Sudan and Uganda. She received her PhD from the Free University Berlin and teaches at several Universities on international relations and peace and conflict resolution.

SWP

In East Africa and the Horn of Africa, several crises are currently overlapping. Some of them originated a long time ago, while new ones recently emerged. Conflict and war, along with climate events such as droughts, have been causing major supply shortages in the region for quite some time. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO) has already declared its highest levels of supply crises for Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia, Djibouti, South Sudan and Sudan, with a total of about 27.3 million people affected as early as 2019.

Recently, the climatic event of the ‘Indian Ocean Drop’ (IOD) has been happening more frequently, causing high humidity and flooding. Along with the war and the collapse of governmental functions in Yemen, it gave rise to an unusually large locust population in 2018, which was able to spread for a long time without countermeasures. By June 2019, it managed to spread all the way to East Africa and was again able to multiply massively in that region during the rainy season starting in October 2019

Locusts and supply risks on the horn. Karte: FAO/DLIS

Currently there are several hundred of these swarms, which in Kenya reached about the size of the Saarland, and they are expected to increase 500-fold by June 2020.

In the midst of this crisis situation, Covid-19 is now also added into the mix. There is uncertainty about the exact spread at the Horn and in East Africa due to fewer tests, but the official numbers are increasing and the number of unreported cases is probably high. The medical infrastructure is underdeveloped in the entire region, and health care is virtually non-existent in Somalia, where only 0.028 doctors are available per 1000 inhabitants. In Ethiopia it is 0.1 and in Kenya it is just under 0.2 (for comparison: in Germany it is 4.2). To contain income and health crises in general, social security networks are almost exclusively regulated by the family and social groups, but not guaranteed by the state.

Crisis measures so far limited to individual crises an partly conflicting

Measures of the current crisis response tended to focus on individual crises and are limited in scope. Recent responses to contain Covid-19 are in some cases actually fuelling crises. The states of the region are reacting to Covid-19 like other countries: in some cases they are increasing health capacities, such as new clinics in Ethiopia, and are responding by establishing hygiene rules. However, the latter are often only possible to a limited extent due to poor water supply connections. Like other countries around the world, the countries in the Horn and East Africa also use border closures, travel and exit restrictions and lockdowns. However, it is precisely these measures that make immediate food supplies and locust control more difficult, which in turn leads to further food shortages. Only Kenya and Ethiopia have set up their own granaries as a precautionary approach.

Somalia: A father carries his child suffering from diarrhea in the corridor of a hospital. Photo: Christoph Püschner / Diakonie Katastrophenhilfe

1. Varied vulnerability to coronavirus, locusts and hunger

The current simultaneous, intensifying individual crises affect different population groups at different times in different ways, which requires flexible solutions, especially when it comes to the differences between town and country. Covid-19 and the measures being taken to contain the virus will first and most quickly affect the politically more accessible population in the cities. This is where most of the people live, who have to secure their survival as day labourers or through casual work. They are particularly hard hit by the initial restrictions, as they are unable to generate income, build up long-term food reserves and provide for their families. However, in urban centres the access of aid supplies to the suffering population is generally easier than in the countryside – even if the market connection to rural producers may be disrupted by the coronavirus epidemic due to limited mobility. In some countries, the urban population, which has no income due to Covid-19 restrictions and is not supplied by the government, is moving to the countryside to be cared for by relatives. If the next harvest is destroyed by locusts, the rural population and parts of the urban population will be dependent on food supplies while being in areas that are difficult to access.

The other heavily affected group are refugees: In East Africa and the Horn of Africa, more than 9.5 million people are internally displaced; 4.6 million are in refugee camps in the region. These groups and the poor population living in cramped conditions are particularly vulnerable to Covid-19, although the former are supplied with aid by external stakeholders for the most part, while urban day labourers often depend on government supplies. In Kenya, the tense situation and the repressive curfew enforcement have led to unrest and deaths in recent weeks.

Rural population: loss of income due to locusts with difficult access to agricultural markets due to Covid-19

Lower rural population density and subsistence farming tend to make the population less vulnerable to health and supply risks than urban dwellers. However, the majority of farmers are net consumers of food, i.e. they not only produce but also consume agricultural products. This means that they are not only affected by price increases and supply bottlenecks for food but also for seeds and fodder, which can be caused by locusts or by border closures and mobility restrictions.

Persistent drought makes vegetable growing impossible. Locusts are the main foodstuff, taken here in Chad. Photo: Christoph Püschner / Diakonie Katastrophenhilfe

Locust losses varied regionally in 2019: So far, last year’s rather good harvest is still protecting against food shortages, but it may change with the upcoming harvest. In Somalia, for example, it is believed that the forthcoming harvest, which is predicted to be very good, is at risk of destruction by locusts if they migrate further south. In Ethiopia, there is concern about the coming harvest in eastern Oromiya. Due to favourable wind conditions, no further spread of locusts is expected for Uganda and Kenya for now.

2. Crisis management requirements: cover all crises, consider individual vulnerabilities, use own African experience with epidemics

The various crises are subject to different dynamics. Therefore, expertise on conflicts, climate, epidemiology, trade, agricultural markets and pest developments should be compiled in a specific regional context.

In addition to all the well-known and often proposed approaches for all the individual crises, the current strategies must involve rapid measures adapted to individual risks – taking into account the simultaneous occurrence of all crises. This is where we can learn from the African experience of the 2014 Ebola crisis, but also from current approaches in other regions that combine security of supply and health protection. For market-relevant approaches, the experience from the agricultural price crisis of 2007/08 also helps.

View of the Ifo refugee camp in Dadaab/Somalia. At the time of admission, 20.000 people were living there. Photo: Christoph Püschner / Diakonie Katastrophenhilfe

2.1 Regional approaches

Most countries in the region import food. In most cases the most important trading partners do not come from their own region, but rather from Asia (India, Malaysia, Indonesia). These international imports of goods must thus be secured despite coronavirus-related border closures, as the African Union also reaffirmed in a joint declaration with the FAO on food security. Delays in trade due to Covid-19 responses like increased border controls should also be avoided. Easing of import requirements is therefore important now: for example, customs duties on food and feed products or even seeds and insecticides should be suspended for the time being. Procedures for simplified customs clearance such as electronic certificates should also be used and should be supported internationally.

In terms of domestic travel and transport restrictions that cut off markets from production locations, the Ebola crisis showed that setting up new collective collection points for food transfer was extremely helpful. As a result, only a small number of PPE-protected people were involved in trade. The distribution of ‘hygiene kits’ and education on protection of farmers and those involved in the trade before the periods of harvesting and distribution also supported the supply. High priority must be given to sanitary facilities and water supply to ensure that hygiene measures can be implemented properly. The workers employed to control locusts should also be mobile, but protected against disease.

In the long term, regional alert systems and precautionary concepts are to be established

In the cities, the main concern is to support the less protected day labourers, i.e. to improve social measures. The connection to the rural areas supplying the food must also be supported. IT-based systems may also be able to provide information on the price, quantity and availability of food via mobile phones or radio. Furthermore, government agencies could take over the purchase and distribution of food, thereby simultaneously absorbing the disrupted connection of producers and supplying the cities.

East Africa and the Horn are pioneers in cashless payment systems, which could be used for the distribution of financial aid for the population affected by the Covid-19 quarantine.

Ideas for regional prevention concepts have existed for quite some time, but so far they have only been used in other regions of Africa and even there only to a limited extent – for example, the ‘West Africa Regional Food Security Reserve’, which is also supported by the G20. It is intended to compensate for the costs incurred by individual states for usually expensive stockpiling and the varying degrees of vulnerabilities to natural disasters. Another approach would be joint insurance concepts such as the ‘African Risk Capacity’ (ARC). So far, however, these types of concepts have been limited by scarcely available precautionary strategies at national level. Ethiopia and Kenya are the only two countries pursuing reserve approaches in the Horn.

The regional organisation IGAD could provide coordination for all crises: it has proven to be fundamental for the Covid-19 information supply of the region. It collects and publishes infection figures from the individual countries. It also tracks the spread of the locust plague and, alongside FAO, publishes information on the state of the regional food supply. The regional organisation is particularly committed to data exchange and early warning mechanisms. To accomplish this task, it depends on the cooperation and support of the member states. Political decisions on agricultural policy and food reserves be made by the member states.

Liberia during the Ebola epidemic: A hospital employee disposes of hospital waste in a protective suit. Photo: Christoph Püschner / Diakonie Katastrophenhilfe

2.2. International approaches

In contrast to the global agricultural price and supply crisis of 2008, when many of the world’s major agricultural exporting countries restricted agricultural exports and thus inflated prices, international organisations such as the WTO, G20 and the AU have now committed themselves early on to free agricultural trade. Since then, fewer trade restrictions have been observed. It is important to continue to safeguard this strategy, even if borders are closed due to health concerns. In Kenya and Uganda, for example, Russia and Thailand are among the top 10 sourcing countries for food imports and thus countries that are currently using export restrictions to secure their own supplies. Kenya and Uganda in particular trade food with each other and should thus secure this supply path.

Trade in goods to and from East Africa and the Horn of Africa is also currently reduced. Djibouti, for example, the port that handles goods traffic for Ethiopia, is currently only operating with small staff due to Covid-19. Since the international community lacks the power to enforce dismantling of Covid-19-related trade barriers, regular public criticism of trade-restrictive measures and pointing out self-destructive effects of limited agricultural exports is necessary. In the medium term, this measure may even cause bottlenecks in the country that limits the exports. At first, the quantity of food is increasing domestically and prices are dropping.

This reduces the incentive to produce for the longer-term supply. Finally, it incites smuggling in order to sell food outside the country at higher prices. In addition to open trade, it should also be possible to distribute food aid as well as seeds, insecticides and animal feed quickly despite the current slowdown in border controls. To this end, and for trade support in general, all pragmatic measures to ease trade, such as the option of electronic documents, should be exploited.

Commercial port of Djibouti. Photo: dpa Picture-Alliance

In order to avoid the next breakout of locust populations, expected by June, rapid assistance is needed, which must be adapted to the generational form of locusts that vary locally at different times. In the beginning, they can be fought off mechanically, for example by collecting them manually, but it requires great mobility of the workers who also need to be protected. Later generation that are airborne can only be combated with insecticides and technical equipment in the form of helicopters or drones. Free imports must also be guaranteed for these items, and affiliated trained and protected workers must be able to travel.

3. The limits of all approaches: addressing climate change and building political trust

However, all regional and international approaches can only be successful if there are answers to the longer-term problem of climate change and when there is confidence in the political measures, especially in the affected region.

Especially in countries where the population did not trust the government even before the pandemic, where freedom of the press was restricted, social security systems were not in place and critical infrastructure was not developed, it becomes all the more difficult to enforce restrictions in everyday life such as curfews. It is particularly tough since at the same time hardly any support from the state can be expected. When several crises overlap, it can further fuel their already risky escalation.

Kenya

Ethiopia

Yemen

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A Contribution by GIZ

How nutrition trainer Edwige helps cocoa farmers in Côte d’Ivoire to prepare for a healthier future.

Small cup, big impact

A Contribution by UFULU and GIZ

A menstrual health pilot in Rural Malawi empowers rural women in Agribusiness through hygiene products and helps to improve working conditions in rural areas.

How much private investment is the agricultural sector able to bear?

By Pedro Morazán

Small farmers in developing countries must modernise their farming methods, but poorly understood reforms could exacerbate poverty instead of alleviating it.

Enough of being poor

By Marcellin Boguy

In western Africa a new middle class is emerging. Their consumer behaviour is determining the demand for products – home-produced and imported goods, on the internet or at the village market. The people of Ivory Coast in particular are looking to the future with optimism.

Slaves do not produce quality

By Tilman Wörtz

Every child in Germany knows Ritter Sport – but most of the children harvesting cocoa on western African plantations have never even eaten chocolate. Can a chocolate manufacturer change the world? Conversation with Alfred Ritter about the power and powerlessness of a businessman.

Controversy: Do supply chains need liability rules?

Discussion about the potential supply chain law

The German government is struggling to pass a supply chain law. It is intended to address violations of human rights, social and environmental standards. What would the consequences be for business? A double interview with Veselina Vasileva from GEPA and economics professor Andreas Freytag.

Reference values: A building block on the road to social equality

A contribution by Friederieke Martin (GIZ)

A quick and cost-effective method calculates living wages and incomes for many different countries. The GIZ together with Fairtrade International and Richard and Martha Anker have developed a tool that companies can use to easily analyse income and wage gaps.

Supermarket Scorecard on Human Rights

A contribution by Dr. Franziska Humbert (Oxfam)

Oxfam’s supermarket scorecard, which is in its third year, shows one thing in particular - it works! Supermarkets can change their business policies and focus more on the rights of those people around the world who plant and harvest food. However, this does not happen without pressure.

From start to finish: a vision of interconnectivity

A contribution by Tanja Reith

At the moment, the agricultural industries of African countries exist in relative isolation. Imagine peasant farmers digitally connected to the value chains of the global food industry. How could this happen? A guidebook.

Ms Rudloff, what are the benefits of a supply chain law?

By Jan Rübel

The Federal Government is fine-tuning a law that would require companies to ensure human rights – a supply chain law. What are the consequences for the agricultural sector? Dr Bettina Rudloff from the German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP) discusses linking policy fields with added value.

Wanted: German investment in African agriculture

Interview with Stefan Liebing

Stefan Liebing is chairman of the Africa Association of German Business. The manager calls for a better structure of African farms. Jan Rübel asked him about small farmers, the opportunities for German start-ups and a new fund.

Bitter fruit

A contribution by Frank Brunner

Why aren’t bars of chocolate made where cocoa is grown? Author Frank Brunner analyses the industry’s fragile value chain from the plantation to the supermarket

Freed from trade? Towards a fairer EU Trade Agenda

A contribution by Dr. Jan Orbie (University Gent)

‘Fair’ and ‘sustainable’ are key words in Germany’s EU Council Presidency. At the same time, Germany pursues ‘modernization’ of the WTO and ‘rapid progress’ on free trade agreements. Are these goals really compatible? Can we be concerned about fairness and sustainability while continuing with ‘business as usual’?

Statement from GAFSP Co-Chairs: GAFSP and COVID-19 Pandemic

A contribution by GAFSP

COVID-19 has unprecedented effects on the world. As always, the most vulnerable are the hardest hit, both at home and - especially - abroad. A joint appeal by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Development and Cooperation (BMZ) and the Department for International Development (DFID).

Can this end world hunger?

A report by Stig Tanzmann

Time to dig deeper: We can only benefit from technical progress if we have a solid legal framework for everybody. But so far, none is in sight - in many countries. Instead, international corporations grow ever more powerful.

The communicator

A contribution by Jan Rübel

What do electrical engineering, telecommunications and agriculture have in common? They arouse the passion of Strive Masiyiwa: Thirty years ago, he started an electrical installation company with $75, later riding the telecommunications wave as a pioneer. Today he is committed to transforming African agriculture.

The 'Grey Gold'

A contribution by Maria Schmidt (GIZ)

The Cashew Council is the first international organisation for a raw material stemming from Africa. The industry promises to make progress in processing and refining cashew nuts - and answers to climate change

Borderless food security

A contribution by Christine Wieck

Enabling smallholders to trade across regions and borders promotes food security and economic growth. Although everyone is calling for exactly that, implementation is still difficult

“They said: You can do it”

A contribution by Bread for the World

As President of the IABM cooperative in Muhanga, Alphonsine Mukankusi is not simply focused on the figures. She has learned how to deal with people and how to take on responsibility. At the same time, her work helps her to come to terms with the past

Read more “They said: You can do it”

No rainforest for our consumption

A contribution by Jenny Walther-Thoß (WWF)

In the tropics rainforests are still being felled for the production of palm oil, meat and furniture. It is high time to act. Proposals are on the table.

The fight against illegal fishing

A Report

The oceans are important for our food supply, but they are overfished. To halt this trend the global community is now taking action against illegal fishing. Journalist Jan Rübel spoke with Francesco Marí, a specialist for world food, agricultural trade and maritime policy at "Brot für die Welt," and others.

Côte d’Ivoire: Sweet Temptation without a Bitter Taste

A Story by GIZ

Until Easter 2022, GIZ publishes a new episode every fortnight introducing people who are committed to fair and sustainable cocoa in Côte d'Ivoire and Germany.

Successful Blueprints for African Agriculture

A Contribution by GIZ

At the 8th German-African Agribusiness Forum (GAAF) representatives from business and politics discussed successful investment models to improve living conditions in Africa.

COVID-19 and Rising Food Prices: What’s Really Happening?

A Contribution by IFPRI

Taking a look at the data (as of February 11th 2022) what the current price hike means for world hunger and what can be done to prevent from another food crisis.

5 questions to S. Fan: Where are the new roads?

Interview with Shenggen Fan

Shortly before ending his position as Director General of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPR) Dr. Shenggen Fan talks about the reforms and new modes of operation needed to achieve global food security in the coming decade.

5 Questions for Gunther Beger (BMZ): What must be done?

Interview with Gunther Beger (BMZ)

How much will it cost to sustainably end world hunger by 2030? This question was posed by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) that commissioned two research teams with finding an answer. The results of the studies will be presented on October 13 in the run-up to World Food Day.

Podcast: Fighting world hunger together

Chancellor Angela Merkel in the Podcast of the Federal Government

At the start of World Food Week around World Food Day on 16 October, Chancellor Angela Merkel stressed that the fight against global hunger will only be successful with international responsibility and solidarity (german only).

'It has never been more possible'

Interview with Carin Smaller (Ceres2030)

Over a period of two years, the Ceres2030 team spent researching answers to the questions of how much it will how much it will cost to realize SDG 2 and where that money should be spent most effectively. IISD Senior Advisor and Ceres2030 Co-director Carin Smaller about small farmers, machine learning and women empowerment.

"Agricultural research unties the Gordian knot"

Interview with World Bank Vice President Voegele

The CGIAR agricultural research organization is systematically repositioning itself. We spoke with Juergen Voegele, Vice President for Sustainable Development at the World Bank, about progress to date - and discuss what needs to be done collectively to stop global hunger in ten years.

5 Questions for Jann Lay: What is Corona doing to the economy?

Interview with Jann Lay (GIGA)

The Corona pandemic is hitting economies around the world very hard - but developments in African countries are quite diverse. There are different speeds, resiliences and vulnerabilities. What are the reasons for this? Apl. Prof. Jann Lay of the GIGA Institute provides answers.

Turning many into one: CGIAR network restructures

A contribution by Jan Rübel

International agricultural research is responding to new challenges: Their advisory group is undergoing a fundamental reform process and unites knowledge, partnerships and physical assets into OneCGIAR.

Small-scale farmers’ responses to COVID-19 related restrictions

A study by SLE

The lockdown due to COVID-19 hit the economy hard - including agriculture in particular with its supply chains and sales markets. What creative coping strategies have those affected found? The Seminar for Rural Development has begun a research study on th

Small fish with a big potential

A contribution by Paul van Zwieten

African inland fisheries are increasingly reliant on the capture of small fish species that are sundried and traded over long distances. They make an important contribution in alleviating “hidden hunger”: consumed whole, small fish are an important source of micronutrients. Only that, unfortunately, politicians haven’t yet realised this.

Building our food systems back better

A contribution by Jes Weigelt and Alexander Müller

What is required to make food systems provide sufficient, healthy food while not harming the planet? How should food security be maintained given the threat posed by climate change? Our authors look at some aspects of tomorrow’s food systems against the backdrop of the corona crisis.

A global signpost: What way is the market, please?

A contribution by the World Food Programme

There is a clear global task: We need to feed nine billion people by 2050. We, the people of Earth, must produce more food and waste less. That is the top priority of the UN World Food Programme (WFP), too - the description of a challenge.

Visions in agriculture

Video by Frank Schultze and Jan Rübel

At the beginning of December 2018, AGRA's board of directors met in Berlin. The "Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa" panel discussed the next steps in their policy of modernizing agriculture. How to go on in the next ten years? One question - many answers from experts.

The state of food security in Cape Town and St. Helena Bay

A study by Markus Hanisch, Agustina Malvido, Johanna Hansmann, Alexander Mewes, Moritz Reigl, Nicole Paganini (SLE)

Post-Covid-19 lockdown: How food governance processes could include marginalised communities - an extract of the results of an SLE study applying digital and participatory methods.

Karel Prinsloo/Arete/Rockefeller Foundation/AGRA

"Nutrition is a human right"

Interview with Joe DeVries (AGRA)

Joe DeVries is a breeder – and Vice President of AGRA (Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa). What are the chances and risks of a ’green revolution‘ in Africa? A discourse between Jan Rübel and him about productivity, needs, and paternalism.

Edible bugs - the new beef?

A contribution by Marwa Shumo

Insect farming is economical and environmentally sustainable, they are high in protein and they live on agricultural waste. Marwa Abdel Hamid Shumo thinks: They are the best weapon to combat hunger

The hype about urban gardening: farmers or hobby gardeners?

A contribution by Stig Tanzmann

Urban gardening is becoming increasingly popular in northern metropoles. People who consider themselves part of a green movement are establishing productive gardens in the city, for example on rooftops or in vacant lots. In severely impoverished regions of the global South, urban agriculture is a component of the food strategy.

How the self-help approach empowers smallholder women

A report by INEF and Kindernothilfe

Supporting groups of smallholding women substantially contributes to strengthen rural operations economically. The organisation and associated group activities can help to reduce extreme poverty and improve the food situation.

Success story allotment garden: Food supply and women's empowerment

A contribution by Nadine Babatounde and Anne Floquet (MISEREOR)

To prevent malnutrition among young children and strengthen the role of women in their communities, Misereor, together with the local non-governmental organisation CEBEDES, is implementing a programme on integrated home gardens in Benin - a series of pictures.

A partnership to fight hunger

A contribution by GAFSP

The Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP) was launched by the G20 countries in 2010 in response to the 2008-09 food price crisis to increase both public and private investment in agriculture. An overview of the programme's approach, results and impact.

News from the starting block: Changeover

A contribution by Michael Brüntrup (DIE)

The region of Sub-Saharan Africa is on the decisive verge of a great development boost in farming: it could skip entire generations of technological development. But how? About possible roles and potentials of digital services.

Continent in an uptrend

A report by Dr. Agnes Kalibata (AGRA)

Partnering for Africa’s Century: Innovation and Leadership as Drivers of Growth and Productivity in Rural Areas

What do you expect from this Pre Summit, Mr. Haddad?

Interview with Lawrence Haddad (GAIN)

Nutrition experts from all over the world are coming together in Rome. They are not only distilling 2000 ideas to improve food systems - they are also preparing for the big UN summit in New York in September. An interview.

Mr. Campari, how do we create sustainable food systems?

Interview with Joao Campari (WWF)

Journalist Jan Rübel spoke with Joao Campari ahead of the UNFSS Pre-Summit. The Chair of Action Track 3 highlights key challenges in transforming existing food systems towards sustainable production and shares his expectations for the Summit.

Land Rights, Gender and Soil Fertility in Benin

A contribution by Dr. Karin Gaesing and Prof. Dr. Frank Bliss (INEF)

Especially in densely populated areas, land pressure leads to overexploitation of available land and a lack of conservation measures. The West African country of Benin, with heavily depleted soils in many places, is no exception.

How do you campaign “Food Systems”?

Interview with Paul Newnham, Director of the SDG 2 Advocacy Hub.

The UN Food Systems pre-Summit in Rome dealt with transforming the ways of our nutrition. How do you bring that to a broad public? Questions to Paul Newnham, the Director of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2 Advocacy Hub.

The Rice Sector in West Africa: A Political Challenge

New insights on trade and value addition in the rice sector in West Africa

Low import tariffs, smuggling activities, unpredictable tax exemptions and weak enforcement of food safety standards: The potential of local rice value chains is undermined in West African countries.

Mr. Marí, what happened at the alternative summit?

An Interview with Francisco Marí (Brot für die Welt)

Brot für die Welt (Bread for the World) did not attend the UNFSS pre-summit. Instead, the organisation took part in a counter-summit that took place at the same time. A conversation with Francisco Marí about the reasons, the process - and an outlook for the future

UNFSS Pre-Summit: What did it achieve?

Interview with Martina Fleckenstein (WWF), Michael Kühn (WHH) and Christel Weller-Molongua (GIZ)

After the summit means pre-summit: It was the first time that the United Nations held a summit on food systems. Martina Fleckenstein, Michael Kühn and Christel Weller-Molongua reviewed the situation in this joint interview.

What is wrong with our nutrition in Germany, Mr. Plagge ?

An interview with Jan Plagge (Bioland)

Vitamin-poor nutrition must become more expensive, in-vitro meat is not a panacea, and agricultural systems should be more decentralised. Bioland President Jan Plagge in an interview about the challenge of (future) world nutrition.

Food System Transformation Starts and Ends with Diversity

A Contribution by Emile Frison and Nick Jacobs (IPES-Food)

While having failed to solve the hunger problem, industrial agriculture appears to be causing additional ones both in environmental and health terms. Emile Frison and Nick Jacobs call for a transformation.

Sustainable Artisanal Fisheries and Aquaculture in Rural Areas

Fish is important for combating malnutrition and undernourishment. But it is not only notable for its nutritional value, but also secures the livelihoods and employment for 600 million people worldwide.

A Project of GIZ

Land Rights for Secure Livelihoods: My Land is My Life

Three quarters of the world's population do not have secure land rights, which hinders investment and innovation. The project "Improvement of Livelihood and Food Security" supports smallholder farmers in acquiring land.

A project of GIZ

City, Country, Sea: 6 Innovations in the Fight Against Climate Change

A listicle for climate-neutral agriculture

Vertically growing plants, magnetic cotton. Hairy leftovers fertilizing fields, tractors running on algae? These six innovations could lead agriculture’s next Green Revolution!

GFFA for New Perspectives on the Planet’s Soils

A Contribution by Journalist Jan Ruebel

For five days, the 2022 Global Forum for Food and Agriculture (GFFA) in Berlin is all about strategies for a more sustainable land use.

Engaging the Community to Solve the Bushmeat Crisis

A Contribution by the Forestry Research Institute Nigeria

The 'Domestication of Small Monogastric and Ruminant Animals' (DSMR) project led by a Nigerian research institute works with local communities to solve the bushmeat crisis.

‘Invite yourself’ – Farmers organisations as key stakeholders of food systems

A Contribution by Andreas-Hermes-Akademie

The Andreas Hermes Academy (AHA) discusses the transformation of food systems with 30 representatives of farmers organisations.

German G7 Presidency – fighting hunger with all our might

A Contribution by Welthungerhilfe

In the run-up to the G7 summit, experts from politics and civil society discussed sustainable and more effective options for action by the G7 states to combat hunger.

“Healthy ground brings good and many fruits”

Interview with Ben Sekamatte and Boaz Ogola

Africa's cotton production plays a key role in the fight against poverty. The "Cotton Made in Africa" initiative promotes sustainable cultivation - one element of which is the use of organic pesticides. Entomologist Ben Sekamatte and cotton company manager Boaz Ogola talked with Jan Rübel about soil and yields.

"Agriculture can become a job engine"

Interview with Reiner Klingholz

How can agriculture modernise Africa? And does the road to the cities really lead out of poverty? Dr. Reiner Klingholz from the Berlin Institute for Population and Development in conversation with Jan Rübel .

Pesticides – a blessing or a curse?

A debate between Lena Luig and Ludger Weß

What are the consequences of using synthetic pesticides in agriculture? Where do they help, where do they harm? Lena Luig, expert for the development policy organization INKOTA, and science journalist Ludger Weß discuss this controversial topic of international scope.

One Health – What we are learning from the Corona crisis

A contribution by Dr. May Hokan and Dr. Arnulf Köhncke (WWF)

Due to the coronavirus crisis, the connection between human and animal health has gained new attention. Politicians and scientists are joining forces to propagate the solution: One Health. But what is behind the concept? And can it also guarantee food security for all people worldwide?

"The Green Revolution reaches its limits"

Interview with Stig Tanzmann (BfdW)

Stig Tanzmann is a farmer and adviser on agricultural issues at ‘Bread for the World’. Jan Rübel interviewed him about his reservations about AGRA's strategy.

Biodiversity and agriculture – rivalry or a new friendship?

A contribution by Irene Hoffmann (FAO)

In this article, the author describes what we know about interlinkages, what role agriculture has to play in the sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity, and what the necessary changes in agricultural systems might look like, both on small and large-scale farms.



Actual Analysis: The locusts came with the crises

SWP

1. Varied vulnerability to coronavirus, locusts and hunger

2. Crisis management requirements: cover all crises, consider individual vulnerabilities, use own African experience with epidemics

2.1 Regional approaches

2.2. International approaches

3. The limits of all approaches: addressing climate change and building political trust

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